USA - Reciprocal Tariffs by Country
- Adam C
- Apr 3
- 5 min read
Updated: 02-APR-2025
On April 2, 2025, the U.S. government introduced a new framework of reciprocal tariffs through an executive order issued by the White House. The policy, designed to address trade disparities, will roll out in two distinct phases and apply to imports from all nations:
In a statement released Wednesday night, the United States Trade Representative explained the formula behind the newly announced tariffs. Using 2024 data from the US Census Bureau, the method calculates a country’s trade surplus with the US as a percentage of its total exports. This percentage is then halved to determine the final tariff rate. For example, China had a $295 billion trade surplus on $438 billion in exports to the US — a 68% ratio, which, when divided by two, resulted in a 34% tariff. Similar calculations were applied to other economies, including Japan, South Korea, and the European Union.
Phase 1: Effective April 5, 2025, at 12:01 AM ET, a universal 10% tariff will be imposed on all goods entering the United States.
Phase 2: Effective April 9, 2025, at 12:01 AM ET, additional country-specific tariffs will take effect, as outlined in Annex I of the executive order.
How the Tariffs Function
These reciprocal tariffs will supplement, rather than replace, existing trade measures. Goods already subject to duties—such as those under Section 301 (targeting China), Section 201 (safeguards on items like solar panels and washing machines), or other prior tariffs—will face these new rates in addition to current levies, unless explicitly exempted. (Source: Executive Order, Section 3c, and potentially other sections.)
Exemptions to the Tariffs
The executive order carves out several exceptions to the new tariffs, including:
Goods protected under 50 U.S.C. 1702(b), which safeguards certain articles from trade restrictions.
Steel and aluminum products already covered by Section 232 tariffs under the Trade Expansion Act of 1962.
Automobiles and automotive parts subject to existing Section 232 duties.
Specific goods listed in Annex II, such as copper, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, lumber, critical minerals, and energy products.
Imports from trading partners designated in Column 2 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS).
Future products that may fall under Section 232 duties, pending further determination.
NOTE: * Including currency manipulation and trade barriers, according to White House
Impact on Trade with Canada and Mexico -
Trade with Canada and Mexico remains governed by existing IEEPA (International Emergency Economic Powers Act) orders, under the following conditions:
Goods compliant with the USMCA will continue to be tariff-free (0%).
Non-compliant USMCA goods will be subject to a 25% tariff.
Non-compliant energy products and potash will face a reduced tariff of 10%.
Termination of China’s De Minimis Treatment
On April 2, 2025, the White House issued an executive order eliminating Section 301 de minimis treatment for imports from China and Hong Kong, effective May 2, 2025, at 12:01 AM EDT.
Key provisions include:
Non-postal shipments: Imported goods valued at or below $800, shipped outside the international postal network, will no longer be eligible for the de minimis exemption. These items will now be subject to all applicable duties, payable under standard entry and payment procedures.
Postal shipments: Items valued at or under $800 sent through the international postal network will be subject to a flat duty of either:
30% of their value, or
$25 per item, whichever is greater.(This rate increases to $50 per item effective June 1, 2025.)
This flat-rate duty replaces all previously applicable duties, including those under earlier executive orders.
Country/Territory | Country/Territory Tariff* | US Reciprocal Tariff |
Afghanistan | 49% | 10% |
Albania | 10% | 10% |
Algeria | 59% | 30% |
Andorra | 10% | 10% |
Angola | 63% | 32% |
Anguilla | 10% | 10% |
Antigua and Barbuda | 10% | 10% |
Argentina | 10% | 10% |
Armenia | 10% | 10% |
Aruba | 10% | 10% |
Australia | 10% | 10% |
Azerbaijan | 10% | 10% |
Bahamas | 10% | 10% |
Bahrain | 10% | 10% |
Bangladesh | 74% | 37% |
Barbados | 10% | 10% |
Belize | 10% | 10% |
Benin | 10% | 10% |
Bermuda | 10% | 10% |
Bhutan | 10% | 10% |
Bolivia | 20% | 10% |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 70% | 35% |
Botswana | 74% | 37% |
Brazil | 10% | 10% |
British Indian Ocean Territory | 10% | 10% |
British Virgin Islands | 10% | 10% |
Brunei | 47% | 24% |
Burundi | 10% | 10% |
Cabo Verde | 10% | 10% |
Cambodia | 97% | 49% |
Cameroon | 22% | 11% |
Cayman Islands | 10% | 10% |
Central African Republic | 10% | 10% |
Chad | 26% | 13% |
Chile | 10% | 10% |
China | 67% | 34% |
Christmas Island | 10% | 10% |
Cocos (Keeling) Islands | 10% | 10% |
Colombia | 10% | 10% |
Comoros | 10% | 10% |
Congo (Brazzaville) | 10% | 10% |
Congo (Kinshasa) | 22% | 11% |
Cook Islands | 10% | 10% |
Costa Rica | 17% | 10% |
Cote d’Ivoire | 41% | 21% |
Curacao | 10% | 10% |
Djibouti | 10% | 10% |
Dominica | 10% | 10% |
Dominican Republic | 10% | 10% |
Ecuador | 12% | 10% |
Egypt | 10% | 10% |
El Salvador | 10% | 10% |
Equatorial Guinea | 25% | 13% |
Eritrea | 10% | 10% |
Eswatini | 10% | 10% |
Ethiopia | 10% | 10% |
EU | 39% | 20% |
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) | 82% | 41% |
Fiji | 63% | 32% |
French Guiana | 10% | 10% |
French Polynesia | 10% | 10% |
Gabon | 10% | 10% |
Gambia | 10% | 10% |
Georgia | 10% | 10% |
Ghana | 17% | 10% |
Gibraltar | 10% | 10% |
Grenada | 10% | 10% |
Guadeloupe | 10% | 10% |
Guatemala | 10% | 10% |
Guinea | 10% | 10% |
Guinea-Bissau | 10% | 10% |
Guyana | 76% | 38% |
Haiti | 10% | 10% |
Heard and McDonald Islands | 10% | 10% |
Honduras | 10% | 10% |
Iceland | 10% | 10% |
India | 52% | 26% |
Indonesia | 64% | 32% |
Iran | 10% | 10% |
Iraq | 78% | 39% |
Israel | 33% | 17% |
Jamaica | 10% | 10% |
Japan | 46% | 24% |
Jordan | 40% | 20% |
Kazakhstan | 54% | 27% |
Kenya | 10% | 10% |
Kiribati | 10% | 10% |
Kosovo | 10% | 10% |
Kuwait | 10% | 10% |
Kyrgyzstan | 10% | 10% |
Laos | 95% | 48% |
Lebanon | 10% | 10% |
Lesotho | 99% | 50% |
Liberia | 10% | 10% |
Libya | 61% | 31% |
Liechtenstein | 73% | 37% |
Madagascar | 93% | 47% |
Malawi | 34% | 17% |
Malaysia | 47% | 24% |
Maldives | 10% | 10% |
Mali | 10% | 10% |
Marshall Islands | 10% | 10% |
Martinique | 10% | 10% |
Mauritania | 10% | 10% |
Mauritius | 80% | 40% |
Mayotte | 10% | 10% |
Micronesia | 10% | 10% |
Moldova | 61% | 31% |
Monaco | 10% | 10% |
Mongolia | 10% | 10% |
Montenegro | 10% | 10% |
Montserrat | 10% | 10% |
Morocco | 10% | 10% |
Mozambique | 31% | 16% |
Myanmar (Burma) | 88% | 44% |
Namibia | 42% | 21% |
Nauru | 59% | 30% |
Nepal | 10% | 10% |
New Zealand | 20% | 10% |
Nicaragua | 36% | 18% |
Niger | 10% | 10% |
Nigeria | 27% | 14% |
Norfolk Island | 58% | 29% |
North Macedonia | 65% | 33% |
Norway | 30% | 15% |
Oman | 10% | 10% |
Pakistan | 58% | 29% |
Panama | 10% | 10% |
Papua New Guinea | 15% | 10% |
Paraguay | 10% | 10% |
Peru | 10% | 10% |
Philippines | 34% | 17% |
Qatar | 10% | 10% |
Reunion | 73% | 37% |
Rwanda | 10% | 10% |
Saint Elena | 15% | 10% |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 10% | 10% |
Saint Lucia | 10% | 10% |
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 99% | 50% |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 10% | 10% |
Samoa | 10% | 10% |
San Marino | 10% | 10% |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 10% | 10% |
Saudi Arabia | 10% | 10% |
Senegal | 10% | 10% |
Serbia | 74% | 37% |
Sierra Leone | 10% | 10% |
Singapore | 10% | 10% |
Sint Maarten | 10% | 10% |
Solomon Islands | 10% | 10% |
South Africa | 60% | 30% |
South Korea | 50% | 25% |
South Sudan | 10% | 10% |
Sri Lanka | 88% | 44% |
Sudan | 10% | 10% |
Suriname | 10% | 10% |
Svalbard and Jan Mayen | 10% | 10% |
Switzerland | 61% | 31% |
Syria | 81% | 41% |
Taiwan | 64% | 32% |
Tajikistan | 10% | 10% |
Tanzania | 10% | 10% |
Thailand | 72% | 36% |
Timor-Leste | 10% | 10% |
Togo | 10% | 10% |
Tokelau | 10% | 10% |
Tonga | 10% | 10% |
Trinidad and Tobago | 12% | 10% |
Tunisia | 55% | 28% |
Turkey | 10% | 10% |
Turkmenistan | 10% | 10% |
Turks and Caicos Islands | 10% | 10% |
Tuvalu | 10% | 10% |
Uganda | 20% | 10% |
Ukraine | 10% | 10% |
United Arab Emirates | 10% | 10% |
United Kingdom | 10% | 10% |
Uruguay | 10% | 10% |
Uzbekistan | 10% | 10% |
Vanuatu | 44% | 22% |
Venezuela | 29% | 15% |
Vietnam | 90% | 46% |
Yemen | 10% | 10% |
Zambia | 33% | 17% |
Zimbabwe | 35% | 18% |
Resources
For more details on the rationale behind these measures, refer to: